1882 Perron map YINGKOU & MOUTH OF LIAO RIVER, MANCHURIA, CHINA (#41)

Description: Perron07_041 1882 Perron map YINGKOU & MOUTH OF LIAO RIVER, MANCHURIA, CHINA (#41) Nice little map titled Embouchure du Liao ho, from wood engraving with fine detail and clear impression, nice hand coloring. Overall size approx. 16.5 x 15.5 cm, image size approx. 11 x 7 cm. From La Nouvelle Géographie universelle, la terre et les hommes, 19 vol. (1875-94), great work of Elisee Reclus. Cartographer is Charles Perron. Yingkou Wade-Giles romanization Ying-k'ou , conventional Newchwang city and port, southwestern Liaoning sheng (province), northeastern China. It is situated just inland from Liaodong Bay (an arm of the Bo Hai [Gulf of Chihli]) near the mouth of the Daliao River, some 11 miles (18 km) from the mouth of the Liao River. Yingkou began to develop as a river port in the second quarter of the 19th century, later replacing Niuzhuang and Tianzhuangtai farther upstream. At first the new port was called Mogouying (“Mogou Encampment”) for the garrison of coastal defense troops that was quartered there; the name was later changed to Yingzikou, or Yingkou. Under the Treaty of Tianjin (1858), Niuzhuang was opened to foreign trade, but silt in the lower Liao River (connected upstream with the Hun River) made it unusable, and instead Yingkou was used as the port from 1861 onward. Somewhat confusingly, Europeans referred to the port as Newchwang (Niuzhuang), the name of the original treaty port. In the late 19th century Yingkou grew into a major port and was the principal outlet for goods from Manchuria (Northeast China). It was essentially a cargo transshipment point between the small junks that used the Liao River and seagoing ships. It was not, however, a very satisfactory port, since it was constantly silting up and was also icebound for three months of the year. Its importance largely vanished in the first decade of the 20th century because of the construction of railways in Manchuria, which diverted most of Yingkou's former trade to Dalian (Dairen). With the construction of its own rail link with the line from Dalian to Shenyang (Mukden; now the provincial capital), Yingkou later regained something of its old importance, exporting great quantities of soybeans and manufacturing bean cake and vegetable oil. The city had a large foreign (mainly Japanese) community. Contemporary Yingkou has developed into an important secondary industrial city, mostly engaged in light industry. There are cotton mills, knitting factories, oil-extraction plants, canneries, food-processing plants, and paper mills. The area is also a fishing base and has some large evaporating pans for producing sea salt. An engineering sector, specializing in the manufacture of machine tools, and a large-scale oil refinery also have been established. In 1985 Yingkou was designated one of China's “open” cities as part of the country's liberalized economic policy of inviting foreign trade and investment, and factories manufacturing electric appliances subsequently were established. In addition to its rail connections, an expressway connects the city with Dalian and Shenyang. A new seaport opened at Bayuquan in 1986, some 25 miles (40 km) south of the city centre. Pop. (2002 est.) city, 528,961; (2007 est.) urban agglom., 795,000. Liao River Chinese (Pinyin) Liao He or (Wade-Giles romanization) Liao Ho river in the southern part of the Northeast region (Manchuria) in Liaoning province and Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China. The Liao River system drains the southern part of the Northeast (Manchurian) Plain. Its drainage area is divided from the Sungari (Songhua) River basin to the northeast by a belt of land that has been gently uplifted over geologic time, while the plain area has been gradually subsiding since the Mesozoic Era (i.e., for about the past 65 million years). The watershed area experienced intensified uplift in recent geologic time, accompanied by volcanic activity along the southern part of the divide. The plain as a whole is composed of deep layers of sediment and is extremely flat and, in places, swampy. The upper reaches of the Liao River consist of two main branches. The East Liao drains the foothills of the eastern mountains of the Northeast, while the West Liao, with its upper tributaries—the Laoha, Yingjin, and Xinkai rivers—drain the arid uplands of southeastern Inner Mongolia. The river carries a heavy load of silt, and the volume of water varies greatly from season to season; the maximum level is attained during the summer. The gradient in the plain is very low, and the lower Liao River valley has regularly been subject to flooding during the spring and summer despite an extensive and long-established system of dikes. The river is icebound for about three months a year. The river is about 860 miles (1,390 km) long, and its drainage basin extends some 83,000 square miles (215,000 square km). The Liao is not important as a waterway. Its mouth, near the port of Yingkou, is constantly silting up, and it is navigable for smaller craft as far upstream as the confluence of the Eastern and Western Liao rivers. Its principal tributary is the Hun River, which flows into the Liao not far above its mouth and drains the foothills of the Liaodong Peninsula and Changbai Mountains, passing through Shenyang (Mukden) in Liaoning province.

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