CompTIA Linux+ Study Guide: Exam XK0-005 (Sybex Study Guide)

Description: RICHARD BLUM has over 35 years of experience working as a system and network administrator. He teaches online courses in Linux and Web programming and is co-author with Christine Bresnahan of several Linux titles, including CompTIA Linux+ Study Guide, Linux Essentials, Mastering Linux System Administration, and the Linux Command Line and Shell Scripting Bible. CHRISTINE BRESNAHAN has over 35 years of experience working in the IT industry. She is an Adjunct Professor at Ivy Tech Community College where she teaches Linux certification and Python programming classes. She is co-author with Richard Blum of CompTIA Linux+ Study Guide, Linux Essentials, Mastering Linux System Administration, and the Linux Command Line and Shell Scripting Bible. Introduction xxxi Assessment Test xliv Answers to Assessment Test lv Part I Gathering Your Tools 1 Chapter 1 Preparing Your Environment 3 Setting Up a Learning Space 4 Using That Old Laptop 4 Creating a Virtualized Environment 5 Jumping to the Cloud 7 Exploring Linux Distributions 8 Looking at Red Hat Enterprise Linux 9 Looking at Ubuntu 10 Looking at openSUSE 11 Looking at Fedora 12 Locating a Terminal 14 Summary 15 Chapter 2 Introduction to Services 17 What Is a Linux Server? 18 Launching Services 19 Listening for Clients 20 Serving the Basics 22 Web Servers 22 Database Servers 23 Mail Servers 25 Serving Local Networks 27 File Servers 27 Print Servers 28 Network Resource Servers 29 Implementing Security 31 Authentication Server 31 Certificate Authority 33 Access Server (SSH) 33 Virtual Private Networks 34 Proxy Server 34 Monitoring 34 Improving Performance 35 Clustering 35 Load Balancing 35 Containers 35 Summary 36 Exam Essentials 37 Review Questions 38 Chapter 3 Managing Files, Directories, and Text 43 Handling Files and Directories 44 Viewing and Creating Files 44 Copying and Moving Files 50 Removing Files 56 Linking Files and Directories 60 Establishing a Hard Link 60 Constructing a Soft Link 62 Reading Files 63 Reading Entire Text Files 64 Reading Text File Portions 66 Reading Text File Pages 70 Finding Information 71 Viewing File Information 72 Exploring File Differences 72 Using Simple Pinpoint Commands 75 Using Intricate Pinpoint Commands 79 Summary 82 Exam Essentials 83 Review Questions 84 Chapter 4 Searching and Analyzing Text 89 Processing Text Files 90 Filtering Text 90 Formatting Text 95 Determining Word Count 99 Redirecting Input and Output 101 Handling Standard Output 101 Redirecting Standard Error 102 Regulating Standard Input 104 Piping Commands 106 Creating Here Documents 108 Creating Command Lines 109 Editing Text Files 111 Appreciating Text Editors 111 Learning about Stream Editors 116 Summary 123 Exam Essentials 124 Review Questions 125 Part II Starting Up and Configuring Your System 131 Chapter 5 Explaining the Boot Process 133 The Linux Boot Process 134 Following the Boot Process 134 Viewing the Boot Process 135 The Firmware Startup 136 The BIOS Startup 136 The UEFI Startup 137 Linux Bootloaders 138 GRUB Legacy 139 GRUB2 143 Alternative Bootloaders 145 System Recovery 146 Kernel Failures 146 Root Drive Failure 148 Summary 150 Exam Essentials 150 Review Questions 152 Chapter 6 Maintaining System Startup and Services 157 Looking at init 158 Managing systemd Systems 159 Exploring Unit Files 160 Focusing on Service Unit Files 162 Focusing on Target Unit Files 167 Looking at systemctl 168 Examining Special systemd Commands 172 Managing SysV init Systems 178 Understanding Runlevels 178 Investigating SysV init Commands 182 Digging Deeper into systemd 187 Looking at systemd Mount Units 187 Exploring Automount Units 189 Focusing on Timer Unit Files 190 Summary 191 Exam Essentials 191 Review Questions 194 Chapter 7 Configuring Network Connections 199 Configuring Network Features 200 Network Configuration Files 201 Graphical Tools 203 Command-Line Tools 205 Command-Line Networking Tool 214 Basic Network Troubleshooting 217 Sending Test Packets 217 Finding Host Information 219 Advanced Network Troubleshooting 222 The netstat Command 222 Examining Sockets 226 Monitoring the Network 226 Summary 228 Exam Essentials 229 Review Questions 231 Chapter 8 Comparing GUIs 235 Focusing on the GUI 236 Getting to Know GNOME 237 Probing KDE Plasma 239 Considering Cinnamon 241 Making Acquaintance with MATE 243 Setting Up Accessibility 245 Serving Up the GUI 247 Figuring Out Wayland 248 Examining X11 250 Using Remote Desktops 252 Viewing VNC 252 Grasping Xrdp 254 Exploring NX 256 Studying SPICE 257 Forwarding 257 Local 259 Remote 260 Tunneling Your X11 Connection 261 Summary 262 Exam Essentials 262 Review Questions 264 Chapter 9 Adjusting Localization Options 269 Understanding Localization 270 Character Sets 270 Environment Variables 271 Setting Your Locale 272 Installation Locale Decisions 272 Changing Your Locale 272 Looking at Time 275 Working with Time Zones 275 Setting the Time and Date 276 Watching System Time 280 Summary 281 Exam Essentials 282 Review Questions 284 Part III Managing Your System 289 Chapter 10 Administering Users and Groups 291 Managing User Accounts 292 Adding Accounts 292 Maintaining Passwords 304 Modifying Accounts 306 Deleting Accounts 308 Managing Groups 309 Setting Up the Environment 313 Perusing Bash Parameters 313 Understanding User Entries 314 Grasping Global Entries 316 Querying Users 316 Exploring the whoami Utility 316 Understanding the who Utility 317 Identifying with the id Program 318 Displaying Access History with the last Utility 319 Managing Disk Space Usage 320 Summary 323 Exam Essentials 324 Review Questions 325 Chapter 11 Handling Storage 329 Storage Basics 330 Drive Connections 330 Partitioning Drives 331 Automatic Drive Detection 331 Partitioning Tools 332 Working with fdisk 332 Working with gdisk 334 The GNU parted Command 336 Graphical Tools 337 Understanding Filesystems 337 The Virtual Directory 338 Maneuvering around the Filesystem 341 Formatting Filesystems 341 Common Filesystem Types 341 Creating Filesystems 343 Mounting Filesystems 344 Manually Mounting Devices 344 Automatically Mounting Devices 345 Managing Filesystems 346 Retrieving Filesystem Stats 346 Filesystem Tools 348 Storage Alternatives 349 Multipath 350 Logical Volume Manager 350 Using RAID Technology 354 Encrypting Partitions 355 Summary 358 Exam Essentials 358 Review Questions 360 Chapter 12 Protecting Files 363 Understanding Backup Types 364 Looking at Compression Methods 366 Comparing Archive and Restore Utilities 368 Copying with cpio 369 Archiving with tar 372 Duplicating with dd 377 Replicating with rsync 380 Securing Offsite/Off-System Backups 382 Copying Securely via scp 382 Transferring Securely via sftp 384 Checking Backup Integrity 387 Digesting an MD5 Algorithm 387 Securing Hash Algorithms 388 Summary 389 Exam Essentials 389 Review Questions 390 Chapter 13 Governing Software 393 Working with Source Code 394 Downloading Source Code 394 Bundling Source Code Packages 395 Compiling Source Code 399 Packaging Applications 400 Installing and Managing Packages 401 Understanding Repositories 405 Using Application Containers 413 Using Snap Containers 414 Using Flatpak Containers 416 Summary 418 Exam Essentials 419 Review Questions 421 Chapter 14 Tending Kernel Modules 423 Exploring Kernel Modules 424 Installing Kernel Modules 428 Removing Kernel Modules 431 Summary 432 Exam Essentials 432 Review Questions 434 Part IV Securing Your System 437 Chapter 15 Applying Ownership and Permissions 439 Looking at File and Directory Permissions 440 Understanding Ownership 440 Controlling Access Permissions 442 Exploring Special Permissions 445 Managing Default Permissions 446 Access Control Lists 448 Context-Based Permissions 450 Using SELinux 451 Using AppArmor 455 Understanding Linux User Types 457 Types of User Accounts 458 Escalating Privileges 458 Restricting Users and Files 459 Summary 464 Exam Essentials 465 Review Questions 466 Chapter 16 Looking at Access and Authentication Methods 469 Getting to Know PAM 470 Exploring PAM Configuration Files 471 Enforcing Strong Passwords 474 Locking Out Accounts 477 Limiting Root Access 481 Exploring PKI Concepts 483 Getting Certificates 483 Discovering Key Concepts 483 Securing Data 484 Signing Transmissions 485 Using SSH 486 Exploring Basic SSH Concepts 486 Configuring SSH 488 Generating SSH Keys 490 Authenticating with SSH Keys 492 Authenticating with the Authentication Agent 494 Using SSH Securely 496 Using VPN as a Client 498 Summary 499 Exam Essentials 499 Review Questions 501 Chapter 17 Implementing Logging Services 503 Understanding the Importance of Logging 504 The syslog Protocol 504 The History of Linux Logging 506 Basic Logging Using rsyslog 507 Configuration 507 Making Log Entries 509 Finding Event Messages 509 Journaling with systemd-journald 510 Configuration 510 Viewing Logs 511 Summary 513 Exam Essentials 514 Review Questions 515 Chapter 18 Overseeing Linux Firewalls 517 Providing Access Control 518 Looking at Firewall Technologies 520 Familiarizing Yourself with firewalld 521 Investigating iptables 525 Exploring nftables 530 Understanding UFW 533 Forwarding IP Packets 539 Dynamically Setting Rules 539 DenyHosts 539 Fail2Ban 540 IPset 540 Summary 542 Exam Essentials 542 Review Questions 544 Chapter 19 Embracing Best Security Practices 547 User Security 548 Authentication Methods 548 Multifactor Authentication 550 Unique User Accounts 551 Enforce Strong Passwords 551 Restricting the Root Account 553 Separation of Data 555 Disk Encryption 556 Restricting Applications 556 Preventing Unauthorized Rebooting 557 Restricting Unapproved Jobs 559 Banners and Messages 559 Restricting USB Devices 559 Looking for Trouble 560 Auditing 561 Network Security 561 Denying Hosts 561 Disabling Unused Services 562 Changing Default Ports 562 Using Encryption on the Network 563 Summary 564 Exam Essentials 565 Review Questions 567 Part V Troubleshooting Your System 571 Chapter 20 Analyzing System Properties and Remediation 573 Troubleshooting the Network 574 Exploring Network Issues 574 Viewing Network Performance 578 Reviewing the Network's Configuration 584 Troubleshooting Storage Issues 587 Running Out of Filesystem Space 587 Waiting on Disk I/O 588 Measuring Disk Performance 591 Failing Disks 593 Troubleshooting the CPU 594 Troubleshooting Memory 595 Swapping 596 Running Out of Memory 599 Surviving a Lost Root Password 600 Summary 601 Exam Essentials 601 Review Questions 603 Chapter 21 Optimizing Performance 607 Looking at Processes 608 Monitoring Processes in Real Time 610 Managing Processes 614 Setting Priorities 614 Stopping Processes 615 Summary 618 Exam Essentials 619 Review Questions 620 Chapter 22 Investigating User Issues 623 Troubleshooting Access 624 Local 624 Remote 629 Authentication 630 Examining File Obstacles 631 File Permissions 631 Directory Permissions 632 Working with Advanced Permissions 633 File Creation 635 Exploring Environment and Shell Issues 636 Summary 638 Exam Essentials 638 Review Questions 639 Chapter 23 Dealing with Linux Devices 643 Communicating with Linux Devices 644 Device Interfaces 644 The /dev Directory 647 The /proc Directory 648 The /sys Directory 650 Working with Devices 651 Finding Devices 651 Working with PCI Devices 654 Working with USB Devices 655 Supporting Monitors 656 Using Printers 658 Using Hot-Pluggable Devices 659 Detecting Dynamic Devices 660 Working with Dynamic Devices 660 Summary 662 Exam Essentials 662 Review Questions 664 Chapter 24 Troubleshooting Application and Hardware Issues 667 Dealing with Storage Problems 668 Exploring Common Issues 668 Dealing with Specialized Issues 670 Uncovering Application Permission Issues 674 Analyzing Application Dependencies 677 Versioning 677 Updating Issues 677 Patching 678 Dealing with Libraries 679 Exploring Environment Variable Issues 679 Gaining GCC Compatibility 680 Perusing Repository Problems 680 Looking at SELinux Context Violations 681 Exploring Firewall Blockages 682 Unrestricting ACLs 682 Unblocking Ports 683 Unblocking Protocols 683 Troubleshooting Additional Hardware Issues 684 Looking at Helpful Hardware Commands 684 Investigating Other Hardware Problems 688 Summary 692 Exam Essentials 692 Review Questions 694 Part VI Automating Your System 697 Chapter 25 Deploying Bash Scripts 699 The Basics of Shell Scripting 700 Running Multiple Commands 700 Redirecting Output 701 Piping Data 702 The Shell Script Format 703 Running the Shell Script 704 Advanced Shell Scripting 705 Displaying Messages 706 Using Variables 706 Command-Line Arguments 709 The Exit Status 710 Writing Script Programs 711 Command Substitution 711 Performing Math 712 Logic Statements 714 Loops 717 Text Manipulation 720 Summary 721 Exam Essentials 722 Review Questions 724 Chapter 26 Automating Jobs 727 Running Scripts in Background Mode 728 Running in the Background 728 Running Multiple Background Jobs 729 Running Scripts without a Console 730 Sending Signals 732 Interrupting a Process 732 Pausing a Process 732 Job Control 734 Viewing Jobs 734 Restarting Stopped Jobs 736 Running Like Clockwork 737 Scheduling a Job Using the at Command 737 Scheduling Regular Scripts 740 Summary 744 Exam Essentials 744 Review Questions 746 Chapter 27 Controlling Versions with Git 749 Understanding Version Control 750 Setting Up Your Git Environment 752 Committing with Git 755 Tags 762 Merging Versions 763 Summary 766 Exam Essentials 766 Review Questions 768 Part VII Realizing Virtual and Cloud Environments 771 Chapter 28 Understanding Cloud and Virtualization Concepts 773 Considering Cloud Services 774 What Is Cloud Computing? 774 What Are the Cloud Services? 775 Understanding Virtualization 777 Hypervisors 778 Types of Hypervisors 779 Hypervisor Templates 781 Exploring Containers 781 What Are Containers? 781 Container Software 782 Container Templates 783 Working with Docker 783 Summary 786 Exam Essentials 787 Review Questions 788 Chapter 29 Inspecting Cloud and Virtualization Services 791 Focusing on VM Tools 792 Looking at libvirt 792 Viewing virsh 793 Managing with Virtual Machine Manager 794 Understanding Bootstrapping 796 Booting with Shell Scripts 796 Kickstarting with Anaconda 797 Initializing with Cloud-init 801 Exploring Storage Issues 802 Considering Network Configurations 804 Virtualizing the Network 804 Configuring Virtualized NICs 805 Summary 808 Exam Essentials 808 Review Questions 810 Chapter 30 Orchestrating the Environment 813 Understanding Orchestration Concepts 814 Probing Procedures 815 Analyzing Attributes 816 Provisioning the Data Center 819 Coding the Infrastructure 819 Automating the Infrastructure 820 Comparing Agent and Agentless 821 Investigating the Inventory 821 Looking at Container Orchestration Engines 822 Embracing Kubernetes 822 Inspecting Docker Swarm 823 Surveying Mesos 823 Summary 823 Exam Essentials 824 Review Questions 825 Appendix Answers to the Review Questions 829 Chapter 2: Introduction to Services 830 Chapter 3: Managing Files, Directories, and Text 833 Chapter 4: Searching and Analyzing Text 837 Chapter 5: Explaining the Boot Process 841 Chapter 6: Maintaining System Startup and Services 844 Chapter 7: Configuring Network Connections 848 Chapter 8: Comparing GUIs 851 Chapter 9: Adjusting Localization Options 855 Chapter 10: Administering Users and Groups 858 Chapter 11: Handling Storage 861 Chapter 12: Protecting Files 863 Chapter 13: Governing Software 864 Chapter 14: Tending Kernel Modules 866 Chapter 15: Applying Ownership and Permissions 868 Chapter 16: Looking at Access and Authentication Methods 869 Chapter 17: Implementing Logging Services 871 Chapter 18: Overseeing Linux Firewalls 872 Chapter 19: Embracing Best Security Practices 874 Chapter 20: Analyzing System Properties and Remediation 876 Chapter 21: Optimizing Performance 878 Chapter 22: Investigating User Issues 880 Chapter 23: Dealing with Linux Devices 881 Chapter 24: Troubleshooting Application and Hardware Issues 883 Chapter 25: Deploying Bash Scripts 885 Chapter 26: Automating Jobs 887 Chapter 27: Controlling Versions with Git 889 Chapter 28: Understanding Cloud and Virtualization Concepts 890 Chapter 29: Inspecting Cloud and Virtualization Services 892 Chapter 30: Orchestrating the Environment 894 Index 897

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