IMAGES OF WAR WW2 GERMAN LUFTWAFFE JUNKERS Ju87 STUKA DIVE BOMBER StG SG EASTERN

Description: IMAGES OF WAR WW2 GERMAN LUFTWAFFE JUNKERS Ju87 STUKA DIVE BOMBER StG SG EASTERN IMAGES OF WAR WW2 GERMAN LUFTWAFFE JUNKERS Ju87 STUKA DIVE BOMBER StG SG EASTERN FRONT SOFTBOUND BOOK in ENGLISH by ALISTAIR SMITH ---------------------------------- Additional Information from Internet Encyclopedia THE JUNKERS JU 87 OR STUKA (FROM STURZKAMPFFLUGZEUG, "DIVE BOMBER") WAS A TWO-MAN (PILOT AND REAR GUNNER) GERMAN DIVE BOMBER AND GROUND-ATTACK AIRCRAFT. DESIGNED BY HERMANN POHLMANN, THE STUKA FIRST FLEW IN 1935 AND MADE ITS COMBAT DEBUT IN 1936 AS PART OF THE LUFTWAFFE'S CONDOR LEGION DURING THE SPANISH CIVIL WAR. THE AIRCRAFT WAS EASILY RECOGNISABLE BY ITS INVERTED GULL WINGS, FIXED SPATTED UNDERCARRIAGE AND ITS INFAMOUS JERICHO-TROMPETE ("JERICHO TRUMPET") WAILING SIREN, BECOMING THE PROPAGANDA SYMBOL OF GERMAN AIR POWER AND THE BLITZKRIEG VICTORIES OF 1939ï¿½1942. THE STUKA'S DESIGN INCLUDED SEVERAL INNOVATIVE FEATURES, INCLUDING AUTOMATIC PULL-UP DIVE BRAKES UNDER BOTH WINGS TO ENSURE THAT THE AIRCRAFT RECOVERED FROM ITS ATTACK DIVE EVEN IF THE PILOT BLACKED OUT FROM THE HIGH ACCELERATION. ALTHOUGH STURDY, ACCURATE, AND VERY EFFECTIVE AGAINST GROUND TARGETS, THE JU 87 WAS VULNERABLE TO MODERN FIGHTER AIRCRAFT, LIKE MANY OTHER DIVE BOMBERS OF THE WAR. ITS FLAWS BECAME APPARENT DURING THE BATTLE OF BRITAIN; POOR MANOEUVRABILITY AND A LACK OF BOTH SPEED AND DEFENSIVE ARMAMENT MEANT THAT THE STUKA REQUIRED HEAVY FIGHTER ESCORT TO OPERATE EFFECTIVELY. THE STUKA OPERATED WITH FURTHER SUCCESS AFTER THE BATTLE OF BRITAIN, AND ITS POTENCY AS A PRECISION GROUND-ATTACK AIRCRAFT BECAME VALUABLE TO GERMAN FORCES IN THE BALKANS CAMPAIGN, THE AFRICAN AND MEDITERRANEAN THEATERS AND THE EARLY STAGES OF THE EASTERN FRONT CAMPAIGNS WHERE SOVIET FIGHTER RESISTANCE WAS DISORGANISED AND IN SHORT SUPPLY. ONCE THE LUFTWAFFE HAD LOST AIR SUPERIORITY ON ALL FRONTS, THE JU 87 ONCE AGAIN BECAME AN EASY TARGET FOR ENEMY FIGHTER AIRCRAFT. IN SPITE OF THIS, BECAUSE THERE WAS NO BETTER REPLACEMENT, THE TYPE CONTINUED TO BE PRODUCED UNTIL 1944. BY THE END OF THE CONFLICT, THE STUKA HAD BEEN LARGELY REPLACED BY GROUND-ATTACK VERSIONS OF THE FOCKE-WULF FW 190, BUT WAS STILL IN USE UNTIL THE LAST DAYS OF THE WAR. AN ESTIMATED 6,500 JU 87S OF ALL VERSIONS WERE BUILT BETWEEN 1936 AND AUGUST 1944. OBERST HANS-ULRICH RUDEL WAS THE MOST NOTABLE STUKA ACE AND WAS THE MOST HIGHLY DECORATED GERMAN SERVICEMAN OF THE SECOND WORLD WAR. ON 29 DECEMBER 1944, HE BECAME THE ONLY SERVICEMAN TO RECEIVE THE HIGHEST GERMAN MILITARY AWARD, THE KNIGHT'S CROSS WITH GOLDEN OAK LEAVES, SWORDS AND DIAMONDS. THE JU 87 WAS A SINGLE-ENGINED ALL-METAL CANTILEVER MONOPLANE. IT HAD A FIXED UNDERCARRIAGE AND COULD CARRY A CREW OF TWO. THE MAIN CONSTRUCTION MATERIAL WAS DURALUMIN, AND THE EXTERNAL COVERINGS WERE MADE OF DURALUMIN SHEETING. THE WING WAS THE MOST UNUSUAL FEATURE. IT CONSISTED OF A SINGLE CENTER SECTION AND TWO OUTER SECTIONS INSTALLED USING FOUR UNIVERSAL JOINTS. THE CENTER SECTION HAD A LARGE NEGATIVE DIHEDRAL (ANHEDRAL) AND THE OUTER SURFACES A POSITIVE DIHEDRAL. THIS CREATED THE INVERTED GULL, OR "CRANKED", WING PATTERN ALONG THE JU 87'S LEADING EDGE. THE SHAPE OF THE WING IMPROVED THE PILOT'S GROUND VISIBILITY AND ALSO ALLOWED A SHORTER UNDERCARRIAGE HEIGHT. THE OFFENSIVE ARMAMENT WAS TWO 7.92 MM (.312 IN) MG 17 MACHINE GUNS FITTED ONE IN EACH WING OUTBOARD OF UNDERCARRIAGE, OPERATED BY A MECHANICAL PNEUMATICS SYSTEM FROM THE PILOT'S CONTROL COLUMN. THE REAR GUNNER/RADIO OPERATOR OPERATED ONE 7.92 MM (.312 IN) MG 15 MACHINE GUN FOR DEFENSIVE PURPOSES. THE ENGINE AND PROPELLER HAD AUTOMATIC CONTROLS, AND AN AUTO-TRIMMER MADE THE AIRCRAFT TAIL-HEAVY AS THE PILOT ROLLED OVER INTO HIS DIVE, LINING UP RED LINES AT 60ï¿½, 75ï¿½ OR 80ï¿½ ON THE COCKPIT SIDE WINDOW WITH THE HORIZON AND AIMING AT THE TARGET WITH THE SIGHT OF THE FIXED GUN. THE HEAVY BOMB WAS SWUNG DOWN CLEAR OF THE PROPELLER ON CRUTCHES PRIOR TO RELEASE. THE FIRST PRODUCTION VERSION WAS THE JU 87 B-1, WITH A CONSIDERABLY LARGER ENGINE, ITS JUNKERS JUMO 211D GENERATING 1,200 PS (883 KW, 1,184 HP), AND COMPLETELY REDESIGNED FUSELAGE AND LANDING GEAR. THIS NEW DESIGN WAS AGAIN TESTED IN SPAIN, AND AFTER PROVING ITS ABILITIES THERE, PRODUCTION WAS RAMPED UP TO 60 PER MONTH. AS A RESULT, BY THE OUTBREAK OF WORLD WAR II, THE LUFTWAFFE HAD 336 JU 87 B-1S ON HAND. THE B-1 WAS ALSO FITTED WITH "JERICHO TRUMPETS", ESSENTIALLY PROPELLER-DRIVEN SIRENS WITH A DIAMETER OF 0.7 M (2.3 FT) MOUNTED ON THE WING'S LEADING EDGE DIRECTLY FORWARD OF THE LANDING GEAR, OR ON THE FRONT EDGE OF THE FIXED MAIN GEAR FAIRING. A LONG RANGE VERSION OF THE JU 87 B WAS ALSO BUILT, KNOWN AS THE JU 87 R. THEY WERE PRIMARILY INTENDED FOR ANTI-SHIPPING MISSIONS. THE JU 87 R-2 HAD THE SAME AIRFRAME AS THE B-2, AND STRENGTHENED TO ENSURE IT COULD WITHSTAND DIVES OF 600 KM/H (370 MPH). THE JUMO 211D IN-LINE ENGINE WAS INSTALLED, REPLACING THE R-1S JUMO 211A ON 18 AUGUST 1937, THE RLM DECIDED TO INTRODUCE THE JU 87 TR(C). THE JU 87 C WAS INTENDED TO BE A DIVE AND TORPEDO BOMBER FOR THE KRIEGSMARINE. THE TYPE WAS ORDERED INTO PROTOTYPE PRODUCTION AND AVAILABLE FOR TESTING IN JANUARY 1938. TESTING WAS GIVEN JUST TWO MONTHS AND WAS TO BEGIN IN FEBRUARY AND END IN APRIL 1938. THE PROTOTYPE V10 WAS TO BE A FIXED WING TEST AIRCRAFT, WHILE THE FOLLOWING V11 WOULD BE MODIFIED WITH FOLDING WINGS. THE JU 87 D-SERIES FEATURED TWO COOLANT RADIATORS UNDERNEATH THE INBOARD SECTIONS OF THE WINGS, WHILE THE OIL COOLER WAS RELOCATED TO THE POSITION FORMERLY OCCUPIED BY THE COOLANT RADIATOR. THE D-SERIES ALSO INTRODUCED AN AERODYNAMICALLY REFINED COCKPIT WITH BETTER VISIBILITY AND SPACE. IN ADDITION, ARMOR PROTECTION WAS INCREASED AND A NEW DUAL-BARREL 7.92 MM (.312 IN) MG 81Z MACHINE GUN WITH AN EXTREMELY HIGH RATE OF FIRE WAS INSTALLED IN THE REAR DEFENSIVE POSITION. ENGINE POWER WAS INCREASED AGAIN, THE JUMO 211J NOW DELIVERING 1,420 PS (1,044 KW, 1,401 HP). THE INTERNAL FUEL CAPACITY OF THE JU 87D WAS RAISED TO 800 L (OF WHICH 780 L WERE USABLE) BY ADDING ADDITIONAL WING TANKS WHILE RETAINING THE OPTION TO CARRY TWO 300 L DROP TANKS. TESTS AT RECHLIN REVEALED IT MADE POSSIBLE A FLIGHT DURATION OF 2 HOURS AND 15 MINUTES. WITH AN EXTRA TWO 300 L (80 US GAL) FUEL TANKS, IT COULD ACHIEVE FOUR HOURS FLIGHT TIME. THE D-2 WAS A VARIANT USED AS A GLIDER TUG BY CONVERTING OLDER D-SERIES AIRFRAMES. IT WAS INTENDED AS THE TROPICAL VERSION OF THE D-1 AND HAD HEAVIER ARMOUR TO PROTECT THE CREW FROM GROUND FIRE. THE ARMOUR REDUCED ITS PERFORMANCE AND CAUSED THE OBERKOMMANDO DER LUFTWAFFE TO "PLACE NO PARTICULAR VALUE ON THE PRODUCTION OF THE D-2". THE D-3 WAS AN IMPROVED D-1 WITH MORE ARMOUR FOR ITS GROUND-ATTACK ROLE. A NUMBER OF JU 87 D-3S WERE DESIGNATED D-3N OR D-3 TROP AND FITTED WITH NIGHT OR TROPICAL EQUIPMENT. THE D-4 DESIGNATION APPLIED TO A PROTOTYPE TORPEDO-BOMBER VERSION, WHICH COULD CARRY A 750ï¿½905 KG (1,650-2,000 LB) AERIAL TORPEDO ON A PVC 1006 B RACK. THE D-4 WAS TO BE CONVERTED FROM D-3 AIRFRAMES AND OPERATED FROM THE AIRCRAFT CARRIER GRAF ZEPPELIN. OTHER MODIFICATIONS INCLUDED A FLAME ELIMINATOR AND, UNLIKE EARLIER D VARIANTS, TWO 20 MM MG 151/20 CANNON, WHILE THE RADIO OPERATOR/REAR GUNNER'S AMMUNITION SUPPLY WAS INCREASED BY 1,000 TO 2,000 ROUNDS. THE JU 87 D-5 WAS BASED ON THE D-3 DESIGN AND WAS UNIQUE IN THE JU 87 SERIES AS IT HAD WINGS 0.6 METRES (1 FOOT) LONGER THAN PREVIOUS VARIANTS. THE TWO 7.92 MM MG 17 WING GUNS WERE EXCHANGED FOR MORE POWERFUL 20 MM MG 151/20S TO BETTER SUIT THE AIRCRAFT'S GROUND-ATTACK ROLE. THE WINDOW IN THE FLOOR OF THE COCKPIT WAS REINFORCED AND FOUR, RATHER THAN THE PREVIOUS THREE, AILERON HINGES WERE INSTALLED. HIGHER DIVING SPEEDS WERE OBTAINED OF 650 KM/H (408 MPH) UP TO 2,000 M (6,560 FT). WITH THE G VARIANT, THE AGING AIRFRAME OF THE JU 87 FOUND NEW LIFE AS AN ANTI-TANK AIRCRAFT. THIS WAS THE FINAL OPERATIONAL VERSION OF THE STUKA, AND WAS DEPLOYED ON THE EASTERN FRONT. HANS-ULRICH RUDEL, A STUKA ACE, HAD SUGGESTED USING TWO 37 MM (1.46 IN) FLAK 18 GUNS, EACH ONE IN A SELF-CONTAINED UNDER-WING GUN POD, AS THE BORDKANONE BK 3,7, AFTER ACHIEVING SUCCESS AGAINST SOVIET TANKS WITH THE 20 MM MG 151/20 CANNON. WITH THESE WEAPONS, THE KANONENVOGEL ("CANNON-BIRD"), AS IT WAS NICKNAMED, PROVED SPECTACULARLY SUCCESSFUL IN THE HANDS OF STUKA ACES SUCH AS RUDEL. THE G-1 WAS CONVERTED FROM OLDER D-SERIES AIRFRAMES, RETAINING THE SMALLER WING, BUT WITHOUT THE DIVE BRAKES. THE G-2 WAS SIMILAR TO THE G-1 EXCEPT FOR USE OF THE EXTENDED WING OF THE D-5. 208 G-2S WERE BUILT AND AT LEAST A FURTHER 22 MORE WERE CONVERTED FROM D-3 AIRFRAMES. FREE scheduling, supersized images and templates. Get Vendio Sales Manager.Make your listings stand out with FREE Vendio custom templates! FREE scheduling, supersized images and templates. Get Vendio Sales Manager. Over 100,000,000 served. Get FREE counters from Vendio today!

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End Time: 2024-11-05T02:27:42.000Z

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