Nutrition and HIV by Vivian Pribram (English) Paperback Book

Description: FREE SHIPPING UK WIDE Nutrition and HIV by Vivian Pribram Written by a specialist dietitian for dietitians and related health professionals Contributions from an international team of authors Covers paediatric and adult care Includes international case studies . FORMAT Paperback LANGUAGE English CONDITION Brand New Publisher Description Today over 40 million adults and children worldwide are infected with HIV, however knowledge of the disease has increased greatly and the prognosis is now good for those with access to anti-retroviral treatment. For many, HIV is now a long-term chronic condition and with decreased mortality, patient requirements and disease patterns have changed, making it increasingly apparent to health care professionals that the treatment of HIV should include optimum nutrition and healthy lifestyle interventions to help sufferers lead long and healthy lives. In this essential new book an international team of authors under the editorship of Specialist HIV Dietitian Vivian Pribram bring together the latest research to provide the practicing dietitian and nutritionist with a practical guide to the nutritional care of the HIV and AIDS patient. Students and other health care professionals working and studying this area will also find Nutrition and HIV an important and valuable resource. Back Cover Today over 40 million adults and children worldwide are infected with HIV, however knowledge of the disease has increased greatly and the prognosis is now good for those with access to anti-retroviral treatment. For many, HIV is now a long-term chronic condition and with decreased mortality, patient requirements and disease patterns have changed, making it increasingly apparent to health care professionals that the treatment of HIV should include optimum nutrition and healthy lifestyle interventions to help sufferers lead long and healthy lives. In this essential new book an international team of authors under the editorship of Specialist HIV Dietitian Vivian Pribram bring together the latest research to provide the practicing dietitian and nutritionist with a practical guide to the nutritional care of the HIV and AIDS patient. Students and other health care professionals working and studying this area will also find Nutrition and HIV an important and valuable resource. Flap Today over 40 million adults and children worldwide are infected with HIV, however knowledge of the disease has increased greatly and the prognosis is now good for those with access to anti-retroviral treatment. For many, HIV is now a long-term chronic condition and with decreased mortality, patient requirements and disease patterns have changed, making it increasingly apparent to health care professionals that the treatment of HIV should include optimum nutrition and healthy lifestyle interventions to help sufferers lead long and healthy lives. In this essential new book an international team of authors under the editorship of Specialist HIV Dietitian Vivian Pribram bring together the latest research to provide the practicing dietitian and nutritionist with a practical guide to the nutritional care of the HIV and AIDS patient. Students and other health care professionals working and studying this area will also find Nutrition and HIV an important and valuable resource. Author Biography Vivian Pribram, Specialist Dietitian, Kings College Hospital, London, UK Table of Contents List of Contributors xiv Preface xviii Acknowledgements xix SECTION 1: INTRODUCTION 1 Introduction to Human Immunodeficiency Virus 3 Tanya Welz, Amanda Samarawickrama, Vivian Pribram, Bavithra Nathan, Lisa Hamzah and Emily Cheserem 1.1 Introduction 3 1.2 Current state of the epidemic 4 1.3 HIV transmission 5 1.4 About the virus 6 1.5 Diagnosis of HIV 8 1.6 Measurement of CD4 cells 8 1.7 Natural history of untreated HIV infection and AIDS 10 1.8 Staging and classification of HIV disease 10 1.9 Monitoring the HIV pandemic 12 1.10 Prevention 13 1.11 Effect of antiretroviral therapy on the HIV epidemic 14 1.12 Stigma 14 2 Introduction to Nutrition and HIV 18 Vivian Pribram 2.1 Introduction 18 2.2 Malnutrition, infectious disease and immune function 19 2.3 HIV infection and decreased nutritional status 21 2.4 Nutritional screening and assessment 22 2.5 Metabolic and morphological complications 23 2.6 Paediatric undernutrition and maternal and child health 24 2.7 Healthy eating and management of HIV for well-being and longevity 26 2.8 Management of co-morbidities and serious non-HIV conditions 27 2.9 End-of-life care and ethical issues 29 SECTION 2: PAEDIATRIC NUTRITION, MATERNAL AND CHILD HEALTH 3 Malnutrition, Infant Feeding, Maternal and Child Health 35 Theresa Banda, Vivian Pribram, Margaret Lawson, Catherine Mkangama and Gertrude Nyirenda 3.1 Introduction 35 3.2 Maternal health and nutrition 36 3.3 Mother-to-child transmission 41 3.4 Infant feeding in the context of HIV 43 3.5 Malnutrition in children with HIV 49 4 Paediatric Nutritional Screening, Assessment and Support 58 Lisa Cooke 4.1 Introduction 58 4.2 Nutritional assessment and screening 58 4.3 Dietary assessment – what to do 61 4.4 Nutritional support 68 5 Adherence, Symptom Management, Psychological Aspects and Multidisciplinary Care of Children with HIV 72 Daya Nayagam, Paul Archer, Susheela Sababady, Shema Doshi, and Ella Sherlock 5.1 Transmission of HIV in children and young people 72 5.2 Prevention of mother-to-child transmission (vertical transmission) 73 5.3 Clinical presentation of paediatric HIV infection 73 5.4 Failure to thrive 73 5.5 Central nervous system 74 5.6 Hepatosplenomegaly 74 5.7 Older children 74 5.8 HIV disease and opportunistic infections 74 5.9 Prophylaxis 74 5.10 Antiretroviral treatment for children 75 5.11 Monitoring of paediatric HIV infection 77 5.12 Caring for children and their families in the community 77 5.13 Adherence, symptom management, psychological aspects and multidisciplinary care of children with HIV and AIDS 78 5.14 Nutritional care in a multidisciplinary team setting 81 5.15 The psychological effects of HIV on family functioning – key themes which arise in a child setting 82 6 Healthy Eating, Prevention and Management of Obesity and Long-Term Complications in Children 87 Julie Lanigan 6.1 Introduction 87 6.2 Metabolic complications 88 6.3 Malnutrition and HIV 88 6.4 Micronutrients and HIV 88 6.5 Obesity 90 6.6 Lipodystrophy 91 6.7 Assessment and monitoring 94 6.8 Dietary intake assessment 94 6.9 Advice for healthy eating 94 6.10 Conclusion 100 SECTION 3: NUTRITIONAL MANAGEMENT OF HIV DISEASE 7 Decreased Nutritional Status and Nutritional Interventions for People Living with HIV 107 Vivian Pribram 7.1 Introduction/Background 107 7.2 Malnutrition, weight loss and wasting 107 7.3 Significance of involuntary weight loss 108 7.4 Definitions of HIV-related weight loss and wasting 109 7.5 Prevalence 110 7.6 Aetiology 110 7.7 Nutritional requirements 116 7.8 Nutritional management 117 7.9 Non-nutritional treatments for HIV-related muscle wasting 122 7.10 Micronutrients 125 7.11 Conclusions 128 8 Nutritional Screening and Assessment 132 Sarah Woodman, Michelle Sutcliffe and Amy McDonald 8.1 Overview 132 8.2 Nutritional screening in the clinical setting 134 8.3 Nutritional assessment 136 8.4 Biochemical assessment 146 8.5 Clinical assessment 148 8.6 Dietary and lifestyle assessment 150 8.7 Conclusion 153 9 Symptom Control and Management 157 Louise Houtzager and Tim Barnes 9.1 Symptoms experienced by people living with HIV 157 9.2 Referring patients to a dietitian for symptom control and management 158 9.3 Goals of dietary symptom management strategies 159 9.4 Symptom control and management of diarrhoea 159 9.5 Symptom control and management of loss of appetite 165 9.6 Mouth pain, taste changes and swallowing difficulties 165 9.7 Reflux (heartburn) 170 9.8 Symptom control and management of nausea and vomiting 171 9.9 Symptom control and management of fatigue 171 9.10 Conclusion 174 10 The Nutritional Management of Complications Associated with HIV and Antiretroviral Therapy 176 Alastair Duncan and Karen Klassen 10.1 Introduction 176 10.2 Aetiology of metabolic side effects 177 10.3 Prevalence of metabolic side effects 178 10.4 Assessment of metabolic parameters and cardiovascular disease risk 179 10.5 Management of dyslipidaemias 180 10.6 Management of impaired glucose metabolism 185 10.7 Management of altered fat distribution 188 10.8 Altered bone metabolism 193 10.9 Management of lactic acidaemia 199 10.10 Peripheral neuropathy 199 10.11 Routine assessment, dietary and lifestyle management of metabolic complications 200 10.12 Summary 201 11 Community Interventions in Resource-Limited Settings 212 Claire de Menezes and Kate Ogden 11.1 Introduction 212 11.2 HIV and nutrition in resource-limited settings 213 11.3 Assessment of needs and capacities 215 11.4 Targeting 217 11.5 Nutrition counselling and education 218 11.6 Targeted food supplementation programmes 221 11.7 Support of HIV-positive pregnant women 223 11.8 Breastfeeding and infant feeding support 225 11.9 Support for other vulnerable groups 227 11.10 Treatment of severe acute malnutrition in HIV context 229 11.11 Micronutrient supplementation programmes 230 11.12 Livelihood support and ensuring access to food 230 11.13 Community mobilisation to support people living with HIV 234 11.14 Monitoring 236 11.15 Other issues 237 11.16 Conclusion 238 SECTION 4: HEALTHY LIVING AND LONG-TERM MANAGEMENT 12 Medications, Adherence and Interactions with Food 243 Angela Bailey 12.1 HIV medications – background 243 12.2 Drug interactions 256 12.3 Micronutrients used in HIV infection 257 12.4 Food and drug interactions 257 12.5 Adherence 261 12.6 Adherence and food 264 12.7 Looking to the future 266 12.8 Conclusion 268 13 Healthy Eating and Well-Being 275 Vivian Pribram and Kirsten Foster 13.1 Diet, lifestyle and disease prevention 275 13.2 The importance of healthy eating for people living with HIV (PLHIV) 276 13.3 Factors that affect healthy eating and improved well-being among PLHIV 277 13.4 Other lifestyle factors that influence health outcomes 280 13.5 Principles of healthy eating 282 13.6 Portion sizes and quantity of food required 295 13.7 Weight management for people living with HIV 295 13.8 Summary 299 14 Exercise and Physical Activity and Long-Term Management of HIV 302 Joanna Lucy Bowtell and Rebecca Weissbort 14.1 Introduction 302 14.2 Observational studies 304 14.3 Effect of exercise on immunological parameters 305 14.4 Effect of exercise on wasting 306 14.5 Management of metabolic disturbances with exercise programmes 308 14.6 Effect of exercise on quality of life and physical capacity 312 14.7 Exercise prescription for people living with HIV/AIDS 313 14.8 Practical considerations for exercise prescription 314 14.9 Exercise programme for a patient living with HIV 316 14.10 Conclusion 319 15 Mental Health 324 Shirley Hamilton and Christian Lee 15.1 Introduction 324 15.2 Mental disorders and nutrition 324 15.3 Acute cognitive impairment 325 15.4 Delirium and nutrition 326 15.5 Chronic cognitive impairment 326 15.6 Chronic cognitive impairment and nutrition 327 15.7 Depression 327 15.8 Depression and nutrition 328 15.9 Management of depression 329 15.10 Suicide 332 15.11 Management of suicidal ideation 333 15.12 Mania 333 15.13 Mania and nutrition 333 15.14 Anxiety 334 15.15 Psychosis 336 15.16 Socio-economic factors for mental health/HIV clients affecting nutrition 339 15.17 Personality disorders 340 15.18 Dual diagnosis 340 15.19 Nutritional management of patients with HIV/mental health issues 341 16 Complementary and Alternative Therapy 345 Charle Maritz, Sharon Byrne and Vivian Pribram 16.1 Introduction 345 16.2 Safety and regulation of CAT therapy 346 16.3 Use of CAT 346 16.4 Factors influencing use of CAT 347 16.5 CAT use in HIV 347 16.6 Reasons for CAT use among PLHIV 348 16.7 Information sources about CAT 349 16.8 Disclosure of CAT use 349 16.9 Evidence for the use of CAT 349 16.10 Dietary supplements 350 16.11 Dietary supplement use among PLHIV 350 16.12 Knowledge of drug–CAT interactions 351 16.13 Herbal remedies 353 16.14 Addressing patients use of CAT 356 16.15 Conclusions 356 17 Food and Water Safety 360 Louise Houtzager 17.1 Introduction 360 17.2 Why food and water safety is important for PLHIV 360 17.3 Causes of food- and waterborne illness in PLHIV 362 17.4 Management and prevention of food-borne illness 373 17.5 Conclusion 380 SECTION 5: THE NUTRITIONAL MANAGEMENT OF HIV AND CO-MORBIDITIES 18 The Nutritional Management of Patients Living with Tuberculosis and HIV Co-Infection 385 Louise Houtzager, Tim Barnes and Kirilee Matters 18.1 Tuberculosis 385 18.2 Epidemiology 386 18.3 The relationship between tuberculosis and HIV 387 18.4 Medical issues 388 18.5 Nutrition, HIV infection and TB 390 18.6 Nutrition screening 392 18.7 Nutrition assessment: special considerations in TB 392 18.8 Nutritional treatment/intervention 393 18.9 Recommendations 394 19 The Nutritional Management of Patients Living with HIV and Renal Disease 396 Deepa Kariyawasam 19.1 Introduction 396 19.2 Presentation and symptoms 397 19.3 Screening 397 19.4 Diagnosis 397 19.5 Classification of chronic kidney disease 397 19.6 Treatment 398 19.7 Methods of renal replacement therapy 398 19.8 Renal transplantation 399 19.9 Nutritional issues on dialysis 402 19.10 Nutritional assessment 402 19.11 Nutritional requirements 403 19.12 Treatment 403 19.13 Conclusion 409 20 The Nutritional Management of Patients Living with HIV and Liver Disease 412 Tracy Russell and Ruth Westwood 20.1 Introduction 412 20.2 Hepatitis B, hepatitis C and HIV 413 20.3 Nutrition and liver disease 415 20.4 Liver transplantation 420 20.5 Nutritional interventions for hepatitis C 420 20.6 HIV and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease 421 20.7 Use of complementary and alternative therapies (CAT) in liver disease 422 20.8 Vulnerable groups 423 20.9 Conclusion 424 21 Critical Care, Respiratory and Multi-organ Failure 427 Sarah Cassimjee 21.1 Background/overview 427 21.2 Diseases and infections associated with ITU admission 428 21.3 Sepsis and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome (MODS) 430 21.4 Neurological failure 430 21.5 Cardiovascular failure 430 21.6 Gastrointestinal (GI) failure 430 21.7 Liver failure 430 21.8 Renal failure 431 21.9 Medical treatment 431 21.10 Nutritional considerations 431 21.11 Nutritional assessment 433 21.12 Nutritional requirements 433 21.13 Nutritional treatments/intervention 438 21.14 Early feeding and the use of enteral feeding protocols 438 21.15 Conclusion 439 22 Nutritional Management of Patients Living with HIV and Cancer 442 Rachael Donnelly and Rachel Barrett 22.1 Introduction 442 22.2 Science of cancer 443 22.3 Overview of cancer treatments 444 22.4 Cancers in HIV infection 447 22.5 Nutrition in the management of non-surgical oncology patients 451 SECTION 6: PALLIATIVE, END OF LIFE CARE AND NUTRITION 23 Nutrition and End of Life Care 459 Vivian Pribram 23.1 Introduction 459 23.2 Palliative care 461 23.3 Nutritional care in later stages of progressive illness 462 23.4 Ethical and legal considerations 464 23.5 Withdrawal of nutrition 469 23.6 Implications for practice 470 23.7 Conclusion 470 APPENDICES 473 Appendix 1 WHO Clinical Staging of HIV/AIDS for Adults and Adolescents 475 Appendix 2 Weight-for-Height Reference Card (87 cm and above) 477 Appendix 3 Weight-for-Length Reference Card (below 87 cm) 478 Appendix 4 Guidance Table to Identify Target Weight 479 Appendix 5 Basic Steps in Estimating Energy Requirements for Adults 480 Appendix 6 NICE Guidelines: What to Give in Hospital and the Community 482 Appendix 7 Basic Steps in Estimation of Nitrogen Requirements for Adults (Source: Elia, 1990) 484 Appendix 8 Summary of ESPEN Statements: HIV and Nutritional Therapy 485 Appendix 9 Form for Monitoring Anthropometry Measurements 487 Appendix 10 Equations to Calculate Height and Estimation of Height from Ulna Length 488 Appendix 11 Mid Upper Arm Circumference (MUAC) 490 Appendix 12 Mid Arm Muscle Circumference (MAMC) 491 Appendix 13 Biochemical Reference Ranges 492 Appendix 14 Ways to Improve Adherence to TB Medication 493 Appendix 15 The BCG Vaccination 494 Index 495 Review "Students and other health care professionals working and studying this area will also find Nutrition and HIV an important and valuable resource." (MedReview, 1 November 2012) "This book delivers comprehensive, evidenced-based information on the nutritional management of HIV patients. Given the great detail, it would best serve as a resource for dietitians who regularly care for HIV patients." (Doodys, 19 August 2011) Long Description Today over 40 million adults and children worldwide are infected with HIV, however knowledge of the disease has increased greatly and the prognosis is now good for those with access to anti-retroviral treatment. For many, HIV is now a long-term chronic condition and with decreased mortality, patient requirements and disease patterns have changed, making it increasingly apparent to health care professionals that the treatment of HIV should include optimum nutrition and healthy lifestyle interventions to help sufferers lead long and healthy lives. In this essential new book an international team of authors under the editorship of Specialist HIV Dietitian Vivian Pribram bring together the latest research to provide the practicing dietitian and nutritionist with a practical guide to the nutritional care of the HIV and AIDS patient. Students and other health care professionals working and studying this area will also find Nutrition and HIV an important and valuable resource. Review Text ?Students and other health care professionals working and studying this area will also find Nutrition and HIV an important and valuable resource.?Â (MedReview, 1 November 2012) "This book delivers comprehensive, evidenced-based information on the nutritional management of HIV patients. Given the great detail, it would best serve as a resource for dietitians who regularly care for HIV patients." (Doodys, 19 August 2011) Â Review Quote "Students and other health care professionals working and studying this area will also find Nutrition and HIV an important and valuable resource." (MedReview , 1 November 2012) "This book delivers comprehensive, evidenced-based information on the nutritional management of HIV patients. Given the great detail, it would best serve as a resource for dietitians who regularly care for HIV patients." (Doodys, 19 August 2011) Feature Written by a specialist dietitian for dietitians and related health professionals Contributions from an international team of authors Covers paediatric and adult care Includes international case studies Details ISBN1405182709 Publisher John Wiley and Sons Ltd Year 2010 ISBN-10 1405182709 ISBN-13 9781405182706 Format Paperback Imprint Wiley-Blackwell Edited by Vivian Pribram DEWEY 362.1969792 Short Title NUTRITION & HIV Language English Media Book Publication Date 2010-10-22 Author Vivian Pribram Illustrations Illustrations Edition 1st UK Release Date 2010-10-22 AU Release Date 2010-10-22 NZ Release Date 2010-10-22 US Release Date 2010-10-22 Pages 544 Place of Publication Hoboken Audience Professional & Vocational Country of Publication United Kingdom We've got this At The Nile, if you're looking for it, we've got it. 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